et aliae

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Thân thiện

The study was conducted by Johnson et aliae.

Definition

Abbreviation (Latin):
- And others (feminine plural): "et aliae" is a Latin phrase, abbreviated as "et al.", used primarily in academic citations to indicate that there are additional authors beyond those named. The feminine plural form "et aliae" is used when referring exclusively to groups of women or feminine entities.

Usage

In academic writing: Used in citations and references to shorten lists of authors, especially when there are three or more.
Format: Typically appears in italics () or without, following the primary author's name.
Context: It signals to the reader that the work was created by multiple contributors, but only the first one or two are listed for brevity.

Examples

In a citation:
- The theory was first proposed by Johnson et al. (2021).
- The findings of the study (Miller et al., 2019) support this hypothesis.
In a reference list:
- Smith, J., et al. (2020). "Climate Change and Coastal Cities." Environmental Press.

Advanced Usage

Grammatical Agreement: In precise scholarly contexts, the Latin gender and number ( for masculine/mixed groups, for feminine groups, for neuter/things) are distinguished, though "et al." is almost universally used as the standard, gender-neutral abbreviation in modern English.
Punctuation: A period follows "al" as it is an abbreviation. No additional punctuation is needed between the author's name and "et al."
"Et al." vs. "and colleagues": "Et al." is more formal and standard in citations; "and colleagues" is sometimes used in running text.

Variants and Related Words

Et al. (et alia): The common, gender-neutral abbreviation used in most contemporary writing.
Et alii (masculine plural): The masculine plural form.
Et alia (neuter plural): The neuter plural form, used for non-human things or abstract concepts.
And others: The direct English translation.

Synonyms

Notes on Usage

Do not use "et al." for in-text mentions of only two authors; list both names.
Do not use "et al." in the reference list entry if the full list of authors is provided; it is primarily for in-text citations.
The phrase "et al." should not be italicized in some style guides (e.g., APA 7th edition for in-text citations), so always check the required formatting.

The study was conducted by Johnson et aliae.

Adverb

and others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of `et alii' (masculine plural) or `et aliae' (feminine plural) or `et alia' (neuter plural) when referring to a number of people)
- the data reported by Smith et al.

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